100 x Urine Test Strips for Infection Cystitis Testing Sticks, UTI, Nitrite, Leukocytes, 8 Parameter Urinalysis Multisticks

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Visual exam. The urine will be looked at for color and clearness. Blood may make urine look red or the color of tea or cola. An infection may make urine look cloudy. Foamy urine can be a sign of kidney problems. The urine test strip test for specific gravity is based on the change in dissociation constant (pK a) of an anionic polyelectrolyte (poly-(methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride)) in an alkali medium that is ionised and releases hydrogen ions in proportion to the number of cations present in the solution. [6] The greater the cation concentration of the urine the more hydrogen ions are released, thereby reducing the pH. The pad also includes bromothymol blue, which measures this change in pH. [6] [8] It should be remembered that the test strip only measures cation concentration, it is therefore possible that urine with a high concentration of non-ionic solutes (such as glucose or urea) or with high molecular weight compounds (such as the media used to provide radiographic contrast) will yield a result that will be erroneously lower than that measured by densitometry. The colours vary from dark blue with a reading of 1.000 to yellow for a reading of 1.030. [8] [9]

A number of substances interfere with the Ehrlich reaction on the Multistix strip: porphobilinogen, indican, p-amino salicylic acid, sulphonamide, methyldopa, procaine and chlorpromazine. The test should be carried out at room temperature as the reaction's sensitivity increases with temperature. Poorly stored samples can yield false negative results as the urobilinogen suffers photo oxidation to urobilin that does not react. The formaldehyde used as a preservative produces false negatives in both reactions. [16] Urinary infections [ edit ] The presence of red blood cells, haemoglobin and myoglobin in the urine may indicate urinary tract infection, renal stones, injury to the urinary tract, myoglobinuria ( rhabdomyolysis), nephritic syndrome and malignancy of the urinary tract. Each test will be colour-coded and there will be several different shades of that colour. A darker shade indicates that there is more of the relevant substance - blood, glucose etc - in your urine. The test method consists of immersing the test strip completely in a well mixed sample of urine for a short period of time, then extracting it from the container and supporting the edge of the strip over the mouth of the container to remove excess urine. The strip is then left to stand for the time necessary for the reactions to occur (usually 1 to 2 minutes), and finally the colours that appear are compared against the chromatic scale provided by the manufacturer. The presence of bilirubin in the urine suggests increased serum levels of conjugated bilirubin, which can occur in conditions such as biliary obstruction (e.g. pancreatic cancer).

Once you have interpreted all of the tests, discard the strip into the clinical waste bin along with your PPE. Substances that can cause cloudiness but are not harmful include mucus, sperm, prostatic fluid and skin cells. Other substances that make urine cloudy are white/red blood cells, pus or bacteria that need attention. Frothy urine signifies protein in the urine.

Causes of raised urinary pH include urinary tract infection, conditions that cause metabolic alkalosis (e.g. vomiting) and medications (e.g. diuretics). The presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) is suggestive of diabetes mellitus and would warrant further investigation with capillary blood glucose and serum HbA1C.You might have heard that drinking cranberry juice can help with cystitis, as it reduces the acidity of your urine. Actually, there is little evidence to support this. H 2O 2 + Chromogen → Oxidised chromogen (coloured) + H 2OThe reaction is not only catalysed by blood hemoglobin, other globins with a hem group such as myoglobin can also catalyse the same reaction. [13]